Defining a Scientist

Generally, if you conduct scientific research for an organization, whether it be a company, government agency, or academic institution, you are recognized as a scientist. Your job title will reflect this. Other terms used interchangeably with scientist include researcher, scientific officer, professor, postdoctoral researcher, and fellow. Here are a few active scientists in India from various sectors:

1. Prof. A. K. Darpe at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi
2. Dr. T. K. Ghanty at Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Mumbai
3. Dr. S. Ladage at Homi Bhabha Center for Science Education (HBCSE), Mumbai
4. Prof. U. V. Vaghmare at Jawahar Lal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru
5. Dr. L. Dey at Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) Research, New Delhi
6. Mrs. Suchismita Sanyal at Shell Technology Center Bengaluru (STCB), Bengaluru

This list is not exhaustive and does not follow specific criteria; it simply includes scientists whose work I am familiar with. I have intentionally avoided including widely recognized scientists often found in textbooks, as they may not provide a practical pathway for aspiring scientists. As we progress, I will share various career examples in the scientific field within India.

There are multiple routes to becoming a scientist in India, but let’s first discuss the most common pathway.

The Pathway to Becoming a Scientist

PhD, Postdoc, Professors: the traditional route...

A typical pathway to becoming a scientist often begins with an undergraduate degree, followed by a master’s, a PhD, and then gaining experience as a postdoctoral researcher before eventually securing a position as a scientist or professor. Research often begins during the master’s program, but some start during their PhD. Notably, among the scientists mentioned above, you may have noticed that most, though not all, hold the titles "Dr." or "Prof."

To clarify, the title "Dr." is typically awarded to someone who has completed a PhD or is a medical doctor. The title "Prof." denotes someone who is a professor, and while it is common for professors to hold a PhD, it is not an absolute requirement. After completing a PhD, aspiring scientists usually spend several years in a postdoctoral research role, where they conduct research to establish themselves as independent scientists. After a few years of impactful research, they may apply for positions as assistant professors, subsequently advancing to associate professors and full professors over time. This journey requires patience and time, and I will not delve into the intricate details here.

Is a PhD Essential for Becoming a Scientist?

Short answer: No.

For instance, Mrs. Suchismita Sanyal, a leading industrial scientist at Shell, did not obtain a PhD. She embarked on materials research immediately after her master’s degree, gaining valuable industry experience and currently leads teams of PhD holders as General Manager at Shell Bengaluru. There are numerous scientists who have succeeded without a PhD, as discussed in this Quora thread.

Scientist Positions in Government Laboratories

After completing a postdoc, you may opt for a role in a research laboratory such as the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) or the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). In these organizations, you may not necessarily follow an academic trajectory towards becoming a professor; instead, there are distinct grading systems, such as those for scientific officers at the Department of Atomic Energy. While the pay scales vary, the general principle remains: the more effort you invest, the higher you can advance.

Scientist Positions in Industry and Private Organizations

Alternatively, you can pursue opportunities in the private sector, including companies like Reliance, Shell, Biocon, or Tata Consulting Services (TCS). Research in government labs and private companies tends to be more application-oriented, although there are no strict guidelines. Research institutes and private firms often hire at the master’s level, and many individuals choose to pursue a PhD while working in these roles. For example, Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) recruits scientific officers (SOs) at the master’s level, and many SOs opt to pursue a PhD concurrently.

> Typically, to become a scientist, you should aim for advanced degrees. While a PhD is not obligatory initially, it can significantly enhance your career prospects.

Entrepreneurship: Scientists as CEOs and CTOs

An important question arises: what becomes of all the ongoing research? There exists a vital connection between fundamental inventions and their transformation into remarkable products, which eventually become commonplace, much like the light bulb. Initially perceived as extraordinary in the 17th century, the light bulb became a routine object by the 19th century. In 1802, Humphry Davy discovered that connecting wires from a battery to carbon produced light, termed an "electric arc." Although initially impractical, subsequent research led to the development of various designs, culminating in Edison’s light bulb in 1878. Edison’s company, “Edison Electric Light Company,” brought the electric bulb to market in 1880.

This illustrates a less common path for scientists: creating or disrupting markets with innovative products based on research that enhances life. Scientists who possess entrepreneurial vision, like Edison and Dr. A. P. J. Kalam, can lead significant transformations. While not all scientists bring traditional products to market, many contribute to advancements that position their nations as global leaders.

> As a scientist, you hold the power to fundamentally alter daily life. This potential is fully realized when coupled with a strong entrepreneurial spirit. Entrepreneurial scientists have the vision to translate knowledge into solutions that shape our future on various scales: societal, national, and global.

What and Where to Study to Become a Scientist?

Assuming you choose the educational route of school ? undergraduate ? master’s ? PhD, here’s how to begin:

School: Starting at school is crucial for discovering your passion, strengths, and motivation. Here are some resources to ignite scientific curiosity:

• IRIS National Science Fair: This initiative promotes scientific acumen among Indian students, offering opportunities to represent India at the International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF).
• Vigyan Pratibha Project: This program nurtures science and mathematics talent in socially and financially disadvantaged students in classes 8–10.
• JIGYASA: A collaboration between the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Kendriya Vidyalayas, this program connects students with scientists through various initiatives.
• INSPIRE-SHE: Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), this scheme provides scholarships for students pursuing bachelor’s and master’s studies in basic sciences.

For more opportunities, visit: https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/youth-corner/scientific-activities. Additionally, stay updated with organizations like ISRO, BARC, and HBCSE, which often host outreach programs for students.

> Keep an open mind towards opportunities around you, and don’t hesitate to seek assistance!

Undergraduate and Master’s: Aim to study at institutions that foster scientific creativity. Ideally, seek admission to IISc (4-year BS program), IISERs (typically 5-year integrated BS-MS), UM-DAE CBS (5-year master’s program), NISER, or one of the IITs.

Should I pursue engineering or science to become a scientist? This debate is common, with no definitive right or wrong answer. I chose pure sciences, while friends opted for engineering at IITs. We both achieved our research aspirations. The key is to maintain your enthusiasm and focus on your goals.

Do I Need to Attend Elite Institutions to Become a Scientist?

NO!

The most crucial aspect is gaining exposure to research and technology in a global context. Many successful scientists did not study at top-tier institutions like IITs or IISERs. They often had to put in extra effort to align themselves with scientific careers. One of my friends, who attended a tier-3 college, aimed for technical research. He worked diligently to gain admission to a better institution for his MTech in Europe, where he acquired valuable research experience and subsequently pursued his PhD in Europe. He is now the CTO of a well-funded clean energy start-up in India.

Do I Have to Go Abroad to Become a Scientist?

The primary motivation for studying abroad is to gain exposure to diverse ideas, technology, culture, and interpersonal relationships. Experience and exposure are vital in today’s scientific world, so be prepared to travel.

For inspiration, consider these examples:

• Prof. Ashok Pandey from CSIR, one of the most cited Indian scientists globally, completed all his degrees in Uttar Pradesh but worked in various labs across France, Germany, the UK, Brazil, Switzerland, and Thailand.
• Dr. Rajamalli P. is an early-career scientist who earned her PhD in Tamil Nadu, gained industrial experience, and spent seven years in labs in Taiwan, the UK, and Japan before joining IISc in 2019.

The need for exposure is universal. Academic and industrial job openings often prefer candidates with international experience.

> Starting at institutions that nurture scientific research provides a solid foundation, but they are not the only pathway. Motivation, clarity, mentorship, exposure, and experience are essential in your pursuit of a scientific career.

How Much Can Scientists Earn?

The short answer is: no fixed upper or lower limits. However, here are some typical estimates:

Central University: Approximately 21–22 lakhs plus benefits.

For example, an assistant professor at IISER Pune with three years of experience after their PhD would start with a salary of around 1.8 lakhs per month, including allowances and benefits.

Private Organization: 18–24 lakhs per annum.

In the private sector, such as at TCS Research or Shell, you can expect an annual salary ranging from 18 to 24 lakhs, along with various benefits. If you are more inclined towards application and impact, the start-up ecosystem can also be lucrative, offering attractive salaries and stock options.

Conclusion: Your Journey to Becoming a Scientist

A career in science can harmonize your passion with your profession. Although it is a challenging path requiring extensive education and ongoing learning, early exposure can be immensely beneficial. Proficient scientists can find roles in both public and private sectors, as well as start-ups. If you are motivated to advance human knowledge and contribute to technological advancements, prepare to embark on this journey with an open mind!

Please share any topics you would like me to explore in detail in the comments, such as what a PhD entails, science start-ups in India, structuring summer internships for a research career, or finding research opportunities abroad.

About Me: I am a scientist with a background in integrated BS-MS in Physics from IISER Kolkata and a PhD from the Shell PhD75 program at the University of Amsterdam, where I investigated clean hydrogen production. I have worked as a postdoc researcher for three years in catalysis and clean energy, publishing over 25 research papers. Currently, I am employed at a cleantech start-up in Amsterdam.

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